Technically speaking..... under 594... "no" you cannot transfer any "firearm" without a background check thru an FFL. "Firearm" being so loosely defined as any device that propels a projectile from an explosive charge. This would also include some fireworks (Roman candles, ect.), flare guns like you would have on a boat, and Nail guns used for concrete that operate from a .22rf blank.
Thankfully it looks like some common sense is being used as with muzzle loaders.