The Supreme Court’s Worst Decision of My Tenure

[Bob33]

District of Columbia v. Heller recognized an individual right to possess a firearm under the Constitution. Here’s why the case was wrongly decided.

JOHN PAUL STEVENS
6:00 AM ET
Justice John Paul Stevens
ASSOCIATED PRESS

District of Columbia v. Heller, which recognized an individual right to possess a firearm under the Constitution, is unquestionably the most clearly incorrect decision that the Supreme Court announced during my tenure on the bench.

The text of the Second Amendment unambiguously explains its purpose: “A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” When it was adopted, the country was concerned that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several states.

Throughout most of American history there was no federal objection to laws regulating the civilian use of firearms. When I joined the Supreme Court in 1975, both state and federal judges accepted the Court’s unanimous decision in United States v. Miller as having established that the Second Amendment’s protection of the right to bear arms was possessed only by members of the militia and applied only to weapons used by the militia. In that case, the Court upheld the indictment of a man who possessed a short-barreled shotgun, writing, “In the absence of any evidence that the possession or use of a ‘shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length’ has some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia, we cannot say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument.”

Colonial history contains many examples of firearm regulations in urban areas that imposed obstacles to their use for protection of the home. Boston, Philadelphia, and New York—the three largest cities in America at that time—all imposed restrictions on the firing of guns in the city limits. Boston enacted a law in 1746 prohibiting the “discharge” of any gun or pistol that was later revived in 1778; Philadelphia prohibited firing a gun or setting off fireworks without a governor’s special license; and New York banned the firing of guns for three days surrounding New Year’s Day. Those and other cities also regulated the storage of gunpowder. Boston’s gunpowder law imposed a 10-pound fine on any person who took any loaded firearm into any dwelling house or barn within the town. Most, if not all, of those regulations would violate the Second Amendment as it was construed in the 5–4 decision that Justice Antonin Scalia announced in Heller on June 26, 2008.

Until Heller, the invalidity of Second Amendment–based objections to firearms regulations had been uncontroversial. The first two federal laws directly restricting the civilian use and possession of firearms—the 1927 act prohibiting mail delivery of handguns and the 1934 act prohibiting the possession of sawed-off shotguns and machine guns—were enacted over minor Second Amendment objections that were dismissed by the vast majority of legislators participating in the debates. After reviewing many of the same sources that are discussed at greater length by Scalia in his majority opinion in Heller, the Miller Court unanimously concluded that the Second Amendment did not apply to the possession of a firearm that did not have “some relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia.” And in 1980, in a footnote to an opinion upholding a conviction for receipt of a firearm, the Court effectively affirmed Miller, writing: “[T]he Second Amendment guarantees no right to keep and bear a firearm that does not have ‘some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia.’”

So well settled was the issue that, speaking on the PBS NewsHour in 1991, the retired Chief Justice Warren Burger described the National Rifle Association’s lobbying in support of an expansive interpretation of the Second Amendment in these terms: “One of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word fraud, on the American public by special-interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime.

Even if the lobbyists who oppose gun-control regulation actually do endorse the dubious proposition that the Second Amendment was intended to limit the federal power to regulate the civilian use of handguns—that Burger incorrectly accused them of “fraud”—I find it incredible that policy makers in a democratic society have failed to impose more effective regulations on the ownership and use of firearms than they have.

And even if there were some merit to the legal arguments advanced in the Heller case, all could foresee the negative consequences of the decision, which should have provided my colleagues with the justification needed to apply stare decisis to Miller. At a minimum, it should have given them greater pause before announcing such a radical change in the law that would greatly tie the hands of state and national lawmakers endeavoring to find solutions to the gun problem in America. Their twin failure—first, the misreading of the intended meaning of the Second Amendment, and second, the failure to respect settled precedent—represents the worst self-inflicted wound in the Court’s history.

It also represents my greatest disappointment as a member of the Court. After the oral argument and despite the narrow vote at our conference about the case, I continued to think it possible to persuade either Justice Anthony Kennedy or Justice Clarence Thomas to change his vote. During the drafting process, I had frequent conversations with Kennedy, as well as occasional discussions with Thomas, about historical issues, because I thought each of them had an open mind about the case. In those discussions—particularly those with Kennedy—I now realize that I failed to emphasize sufficiently the human aspects of the issue as providing unanswerable support for the stare decisis argument for affirmance. After all, Kennedy had been one of the three decisive votes that had saved Roe v. Wade from being overruled in Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

Before the argument, I had decided that stare decisis provided a correct and sufficient basis for upholding the challenged gun regulation, but I nonetheless asked my especially competent law clerk, Kate Shaw, to make a thorough study of the merits of the argument that an independent review of the historical materials would lead to the same result. I wanted that specific study to help me decide which argument to feature in my dissent, which I planned to complete and circulate before Scalia completed his opinion for the majority. Shaw convinced me that Miller had been correctly decided; accordingly, I decided to feature both arguments in my dissent, which we were able to circulate on April 28, 2008, five weeks before Scalia circulated the majority opinion on June 2, 2008. In the cover memorandum for my probable dissent, I wrote:

The enclosed memorandum explains the basis for my firm belief that the Second Amendment does not impose any limit whatsoever on the power of the federal government to regulate the non-military use or possession of firearms. I have decided to take the unusual step of circulating the initial draft of a probable dissent before [Scalia] circulates his majority because I fear the members of the majority have not yet adequately considered the unusual importance of their decision.

While I think a fair reading of history provides overwhelming support for Warren Burger’s view of the merits, even if we assume that the present majority is correct, I submit that they have not given adequate consideration to the certain impact of their proposed decision on this Court’s role in preserving the rule of law. We have profound differences over our role in areas of the law such as the Eighth Amendment and substantive due process, but I believe we all agree that there are areas of policy-making in which judges have a special obligation to let the democratic process run the show …

What has happened that could possibly justify such a massive change in the law? The text of the amendment has not changed. The history leading up to the adoption of the amendment has not changed … There has been a change in the views of some law professors, but I assume there are also some professors out there who think Congress does not have the authority to authorize a national bank, or to regulate small firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in other states, or to enact a graduated income tax. In my judgment, none of the arguments advanced by respondents or their numerous amici justify judicial entry into a quintessential area of policy-making in which there is no special need or justification for judicial supervision.

This is not a case in which either side of the policy debate can be characterized as an “insular minority” in need of special protection from the judiciary. On the contrary, there is a special risk that the action of the judiciary will be perceived as the product of policy arguments advanced by an unusually powerful political force. Because there is still time to avoid a serious and totally unnecessary self-inflicted wound, I urge each of the members of the majority to give careful consideration to the impact of this decision on the future of this institution when weighing the strength of the arguments I have set forth in what I hope will not be a dissent.

In the end, of course, beating Scalia to the punch did not change the result, but I do think it forced him to significantly revise his opinion to respond to the points I raised in my dissent. And although I failed to persuade Kennedy to change his vote, I think our talks may have contributed to his insisting on some important changes before signing on to the Court’s opinion.

That’s cold comfort. I have written in other contexts that an amendment to the Constitution to overrule Heller is desperately needed to prevent tragedies such as the massacre of 20 grammar-school children at Sandy Hook Elementary School on December 14, 2012, from ever happening again. But such tragedies have indeed happened again. In the course of writing the chapter of my memoir that discusses Heller, on October 1, 2017, a gunman fired from the 32nd floor of a hotel in Las Vegas, killing at least 58 people and injuring more than 500 more who were attending an outdoor concert. I had not yet finished the chapter when another mass shooting occurred, this one involving the death of 26 people—including three generations of a single family—at a church on November 5, 2017, in Sutherland Springs, Texas. More shootings have happened since.

JOHN PAUL STEVENS served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1975 until his retirement in 2010. He is the author, most recently, of The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years.

Copyright © 2019 by The Atlantic Monthly Group. All Rights Reserved.

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[grundy53]

I'm glad he failed to turn Kennedy and Thomas.

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[KFhunter]

glad Hillary didn't get elected and filled SCOTUS with gun hating liberals

[TriggerMike]

Colonial history contains many examples of firearm regulations in urban areas that imposed obstacles to their use for protection of the home. Boston, Philadelphia, and New York—the three largest cities in America at that time—all imposed restrictions on the firing of guns in the city limits. Boston enacted a law in 1746 prohibiting the “discharge” of any gun or pistol that was later revived in 1778; Philadelphia prohibited firing a gun or setting off fireworks without a governor’s special license; and New York banned the firing of guns for three days surrounding New Year’s Day. Those and other cities also regulated the storage of gunpowder. Boston’s gunpowder law imposed a 10-pound fine on any person who took any loaded firearm into any dwelling house or barn within the town. Most, if not all, of those regulations would violate the Second Amendment as it was construed in the 5–4 decision that Justice Antonin Scalia announced in Heller on June 26, 2008.

Ya, hence why they then fought a war and created the 2nd Amedment! This is the dumbest thing I've read in a while.

[Dysfunctional Vet]

I’m actually looking forward to the time when our right to bear arms are stripped and it will eventually happen. That way when all the law abiding citizens turn in all their “arms” and the mass shootings continue to be carried out by crazy lunatics and aholes that will inevitably keep their “arms”. I can sit back and laugh. Oh and by the way my buddy from Scotland told me once they banned firearms people killed each other with large knives/swords. Then they banned knives over 3 inches. Funny how people will end up killing people whether they have guns or not. A truck filled with fertilizer did a pretty good job in Oklahoma. Oh well.

[Rob]

From the Bill of Rights:
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.

Interesting interpretation.  Basically he is saying the 2nd amendment only applies to members of a militia.  That could open a whole new can or worms...  Can militia's form and possess more advanced weaponry?  Drones?  Tanks?  Do we want States developing their own army's?  Maybe...  Maybe not...

I always interpreted it as:
Because we want to enable militia's, the people's right to bear arms shall not be infringed.

Not as: 
A Militia member's right to bear arms shall not be infringed...

But then again, I am not a Supreme Court Justice!

[trophyhunt]

Well then, sign my family and myself up as militia members of the United States of America.  Or this, I claim myself and my family as militia members!

[Fl0und3rz]

That's not just his unique interpretation.  The idea of a collective or a state's militia's right had been bubbling up for some time in gun grabbing circles, and it became one of the prime arguments against the ultimate Heller outcome, which was that 2A is an individual right.

Gun grabbers are like a dog with a bone.  They find something they think will pass muster, and they all have to have, undelivered promises on safety and security be damned, and regardless of the harassment of law-abiding gun owners.

[optic2]

From the Bill of Rights:
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.

Interesting interpretation.  Basically he is saying the 2nd amendment only applies to members of a militia.  That could open a whole new can or worms...  Can militia's form and possess more advanced weaponry?  Drones?  Tanks?  Do we want States developing their own army's?  Maybe...  Maybe not...

I always interpreted it as:
Because we want to enable militia's, the people's right to bear arms shall not be infringed.

Not as: 
A Militia member's right to bear arms shall not be infringed...

But then again, I am not a Supreme Court Justice!

The Constitution wasn't written in an afternoon. Our founding fathers debated and poured over every word. If they only wanted only the militia to have guns then they would have written "the right of the militia to bear arms, shall not be infringed". But they didn't write that that, they wrote "the right of the people to bear arms, shall not be infringed". Thus making it clear to even the most ignorant person that individual people in the US have the right to bear arms.  Justice Stevens is well aware of this, yet wants to spew nonsense just because he doesn't like the 2nd Amendment.

[bearpaw]

Just another person that drank the koolaid and thinks stripping law abiding citizens of guns will somehow stop criminals from using weapons, it's already illegal to use a weapon in a crime! 

[Special T]

This is a useful discussion on this topic, because it comes down to enforcement. Several unique perspectives.

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[Goshawk]

And that in one phrase "appointing judges" is what I voted for Trump and not Clinton. 
The damage she would have done would have impacted my decedents for generations!

[Cougartail]

From the Bill of Rights:
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.

Interesting interpretation.  Basically he is saying the 2nd amendment only applies to members of a militia.  That could open a whole new can or worms...  Can militia's form and possess more advanced weaponry?  Drones?  Tanks?  Do we want States developing their own army's?  Maybe...  Maybe not...

I always interpreted it as:
Because we want to enable militia's, the people's right to bear arms shall not be infringed.

Not as: 
A Militia member's right to bear arms shall not be infringed...

But then again, I am not a Supreme Court Justice!

The Constitution wasn't written in an afternoon. Our founding fathers debated and poured over every word. If they only wanted only the militia to have guns then they would have written "the right of the militia to bear arms, shall not be infringed". But they didn't write that that, they wrote "the right of the people to bear arms, shall not be infringed". Thus making it clear to even the most ignorant person that individual people in the US have the right to bear arms.  Justice Stevens is well aware of this, yet wants to spew nonsense just because he doesn't like the 2nd Amendment.

A well regulated "fighting force of non-professional soldiers, made of ordinary citizens" (Militia) being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed.

Add the fact that the first Militia Act May 8 1792 passed less than 6 months after the 2nd was ratified (December 15 1791) """"""""REQUIRED""""""" the private ownership of a weapon capable of effectively being used for battle along with other items.
It states clearly you were responsible for bringing your privately owned battle rifle and the government was responsible for cannons, horses, and other equipment.


It is clear that the 2nd Amendment is about privately owned military style weapons to anybody without an agenda.  Only an idiot would argue otherwise.


Then there is the "well regulated". Todays morons immediately equate it to government control. The definition of regulate is to make uniform and organize. This definition is also supported by the Militia Act of 1792.


 

[Igor]

The Second Amendment did not grant or create the right to bear arms.......the Second Amendment was created by the right to bear arms.  That right existed before the Constitution. The Second Amendment merely recognizes that pre-existing right, and declares that the government is constrained in any attempts to violate the right of citizens to bear arms.  The right to keep and bear arms would still be there without the Second Amendment.  The whole "militia" thing is nonsense.

[konradcountry]

The anti-gun crowd will never be honest about the intent of the 2A.

They know how difficult it would be to change it.

This is why they come up with dishonest interpretations.

[bearpaw]

The Second Amendment did not grant or create the right to bear arms.......the Second Amendment was created by the right to bear arms.  That right existed before the Constitution. The Second Amendment merely recognizes that pre-existing right, and declares that the government is constrained in any attempts to violate the right of citizens to bear arms.  The right to keep and bear arms would still be there without the Second Amendment.  The whole "militia" thing is nonsense.

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

[Bob33]

In spite of the 2nd amendment the right of citizens to keep and bear arms has already been infringed. There is strong, organized opposition to firearms in our country. We are fortunate to have organizations like the NRA fighting for firearms rights.

[Igor]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

[Dan-o]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

Try telling that to your North Korean friends.    Oh wait..... you can't, because they have nothing like a 1st amendment protection.

Do you seriously think that your natural rights can't be trampled by Gov't?

There are examples all around the world.

At least their right to keep and bear arms is intact.     Oh... wait.....

[Igor]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

Try telling that to your North Korean friends.    Oh wait..... you can't, because they have nothing like a 1st amendment protection.

Do you seriously think that your natural rights can't be trampled by Gov't?

There are examples all around the world.

At least their right to keep and bear arms is intact.     Oh... wait.....

Do you think that the government actually grants you the rights to freedom of speech, bearing of arms, practicing whichever religion you choose, etc., etc., etc. ?

[Bob33]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

Try telling that to your North Korean friends.    Oh wait..... you can't, because they have nothing like a 1st amendment protection.

Do you seriously think that your natural rights can't be trampled by Gov't?

There are examples all around the world.

At least their right to keep and bear arms is intact.     Oh... wait.....

Do you think that the government actually grants you the rights to freedom of speech, bearing of arms, practicing whichever religion you choose, etc., etc., etc. ?

Given that those rights don't exist in most countries of the world, yes.

[JimmyHoffa]

Or the rights are there, but not acknowledged and suppressed by those governments.

[Igor]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

Try telling that to your North Korean friends.    Oh wait..... you can't, because they have nothing like a 1st amendment protection.

Do you seriously think that your natural rights can't be trampled by Gov't?

There are examples all around the world.

At least their right to keep and bear arms is intact.     Oh... wait.....

Do you think that the government actually grants you the rights to freedom of speech, bearing of arms, practicing whichever religion you choose, etc., etc., etc. ?

Given that those rights don't exist in most countries of the world, yes.

Do you agree with the concept of a natural right ?  Please explain to me how a natural right, or unalienable right, can exist in one country but not another. 

[Igor]

Or the rights are there, but not acknowledged and suppressed by those governments.

Or perhaps the citizens of those countries have simply surrendered their rights ?

[Dan-o]

If we didn't have the 2nd Amendment most if not all of our firearms rights would be long gone in nearly every liberal leaning area of this country if not the whole country. It is a constant battle for the NRA and other groups and individuals bringing lawsuits based on the 2nd Amendment against liberal jurisdictions who try to infringe or remove our right to bear arms.

That's simply not true......rights are not granted nor taken away by government, nor liberals.  Do you honestly believe that if the government decided to get rid of the 1st Amendment we would no longer have the right to free speech in this country ?

Try telling that to your North Korean friends.    Oh wait..... you can't, because they have nothing like a 1st amendment protection.

Do you seriously think that your natural rights can't be trampled by Gov't?

There are examples all around the world.

At least their right to keep and bear arms is intact.     Oh... wait.....

Do you think that the government actually grants you the rights to freedom of speech, bearing of arms, practicing whichever religion you choose, etc., etc., etc. ?

Given that those rights don't exist in most countries of the world, yes.

Do you agree with the concept of a natural right ?  Please explain to me how a natural right, or unalienable right, can exist in one country but not another.

Yes, I believe in Natural rights (or God given freedom).
But I also know that governments around the world trample those rights, and in many countries people haven't experienced their Natural rights for generations......   So they don't know what is their real birthright.
I think women have Natural Rights.....   But some countries consider them property.
I think slavery violates Natural Rights....   But evil men still enslave others.

Our Constitution was meant to enshrine our rights (not give them to us).

So, perhaps we don't really disagree.....   We're just spelling out our beliefs differently?

And since, upon re-reading my post it kind of feels like I baited you........   I didn't intend it that way.
Have a great day living out your freedom in The Greatest Country on God's Green Earth.