Free: Contests & Raffles.
By the time rifle season rolls around mature bulls have broken away from the cows again, and it's generally just rags you'll find in the herds, if any branched bulls since the rags too will break off. Weird you aren't seeing legal bulls with herds during muzzleloader season. At least where I hunt I believe muzzleloader catches more of the rut than archery. Most herds will have a branched bull during muzzleloader unless someone already got the bull out of the bunch, but it usually doesn't take long for another to fill the void.
It seems to me like the legal bulls are always singles or doubles where there's a lot of pressure by hunters. I'm in an area where I don't see a lot of elk but between my partner and I we get a bull or two every year. We've gone without too but not often. I look into the deepest holes and work them slowly with my partner pushing from another side maybe 6-700 yds away. It's alway deep timber and we try to keep the wind in our face or crossing. I've put myself in a bad wind situation just to push a bull if we see fresh tracks or have a good feeling about one being in there. Of course I've got someone waiting on the downwind side. The weekdays after the hunting season opens on a Saturday seem to be pretty good to us also. They've been pressured for a couple of days and Monday or Tuesday are lucky for us.