I have two primary lenses: the 70-200 f/4L IS (+/-$1,000) and the 24-70 F/4L IS (+/-$1,200). Both have filters most of the time. The 70-200 has a "cheaper" Hoya HMC Digital UV filter that is "only" $45 and on the 24-70 I have the B+W mrc CLEAR filter that cost me a whopping $88. My excuse is that I have kids and I also have spastic fingers. Using the filter is more about confidence in using my gear and peace of mind. I don't bother putting a filter on my 50mm f/1.8 because its only a $100 lens.
Even pros are divided on this subject. I think its hard for those of us who use filters to make the case that there is absolutely no image degradation. The question is how bad and how much is the protection worth it? If I am going to make landscape shots with the intent to print big I am absolutely going to take UV filters off. However for day to day shots such as the kids at play or chasing an elk I'll keep it on.
Those in the non-filter camp suggest leaving the lens hood on at all times. Say your camera is on a tripod and a bump or gust of wind knocks it over. Well If the hood is on there it will keep your objective lens from smashing into the pavement/rocks and probably do a better job than the UV filter would. anything that will bust through the filter will likely damage the lens anyway. They also argue that the objective lens is pretty durable and well coated, thus negating the need for a filter.
Back when I had a crop sensor and used the excellent EF-S 10-22mm f/3.5-4.5, I had a filter on that and would recommend anyone to do so. Two reasons: first, it will keep dust out of the lens. When you watch how it zooms you'll understand and why that's different from other lenses. Second, when shooting ultrawides you're often getting close, as in inches, to your subject. Loose your balance and fall right into your subject and could wind up with a scratch.
If you're concerned about absolute image quality but insist on a prophylactic filter, go with a multicoated clear filter, not a UV. A UV filter is more likely to impart a slight color cast. A clear filter is just a piece of glass that hangs out, waiting for a fight. Buying a multicoated one will minimize the likelihood for flare when shooting in a high contrast scene. Digital cameras aren't sensitive to UV light as was film anyway. It is blocked by your low pass/anti-aliasing filter which sits right in front of the sensor.
I think next lens I'm going to buy is going to be the Canon 85mm f/1.8 ($350). I am NOT going to buy a filter for this. I probably wouldn't have bought a filter for the 70-200 if I had to do it over again. I use the hood all the time because the objective lens practically protrudes and using the hood minimizes flare and seems to yield better contrast.
YMMV.