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Wow, loaded question. If I had to choose one set-up it would be a 10' 8-17lb rod with a good quality casting reel. Since were talking purely salmon fishing floats and eggs are hard to beat, along with spinners. Each of these techniques can be used with this set-up. Anything under 10' is hard to float fish with. The longer the rod the easier to mend your line.(Think flyfishing) as for line I prefer braid for most of my fishing except spinners and drift fishing. For salmon, I use no less than 12lb leader all the way up to 30lb depending on how I'm fishing. I recommend you start with float fishing as its simple, float goes down its either a fish or your fishing too deep. The more you get into it the more rods you will need. I have one set-up dedicated to each type of fishing I do, but I have accumulated a lot of stuff over the past 15 or so years.
Whar type of salmon fishing do you want to do? Bank fishing rivers (which ones), fishing the sound, etc?
I agree with most of what button nubbs said, but float fishing with a baitcast can be a challenge if you are not used to a casting rig. You might want to start with a 9'6"-10ft spinning set up. Keep a close eye on CL, lots of good deals to be had there.
here your fishing education.... beer, pole, boat. in that order
Typically I would agree with you guys as I use a spinning set-up a lot for steelhead. Not always but a lot of times salmon will like types of water not very conductive to lighter floats like dinks. I like to use the beaumac floats in 3/4 or 1 oz. With a heavy float like that even the greenest of newbies could cast, and do it effectively. Salmon are strong and spinning gear aint gonna cut it when that king heads for the *censored* after putting the hooks in him. Jmho.