Free: Contests & Raffles.
In 1994, the harvest strategy was changed to spike-only bull hunting during the general season, with branched antlered bull hunting by permit only. The objective was to increase post-season bull:cow ratios and increase the numbers of older adult bulls in the herd. The theory was that an increase in the numbers of older bulls would equate to earlier, more effective breeding, shorter rutting seasons, and better herd health (Noyes et al.1996). Reproductive tracts collected from Yakima elk 1987-89 indicated that 82 percent (including yearlings) were pregnant and recruitment was high despite the low post-season bull:cow ratios. Zahn (1993) concluded that low post-season bull:cow ratios were not affecting recruitment in the Yakima Elk Herd. Reproductive tract data showed slightly higher pregnancy rates and earlier conception dates in high bull:cow ratio areas. In the high bull:cow ratio areas, more cows became pregnant in the first half of September, but thereafter, dates were similar to low bull:cow ratio areas. Calf recruitment has not improved since implementing spike-only management (Table 2). The increase in adult bulls has probably boosted hunter satisfaction and created a boom in nonconsumptive use of elk, particularly shed-antler hunting.
HarvestElk harvest 1991-00 for the Yakima herd averaged 2,183 animals (range 1,489-3,454),(Appendix A). The number of bull elk harvested has historically and largely reflected the previous year’s recruitment. Harvest report cards indicated that prior to implementation of spike-only management, yearling bulls accounted for 70-79 percent of the harvest. For the 3 years following implementation of spike-only management, yearling bulls accounted for 80-90 percent of harvest. In 1998, after 5 years of spike-only general seasons, yearling bulls accounted for 66 percent of bull harvest, indicating that the number of branched bull permits may now have a large effect on total harvest. In recent decades, permit numbers have determined antlerless harvest. In 1999, the recorded bull and antlerless mortality from hunting was estimated at 50 percent and 8 percent of the fall population. Post-season calf to spike mortality is estimated to be60-70 percent.