https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wolf_attacks_in_North_AmericaTwo take-aways: 1) without firearms, quite a few more fatal attacks would have occurred in North America, and 2) in predatory wolf attacks, gunshots and even killing multiple wolves has not deterred the remainder of the pack from attacking and sometimes killing the armed victims.
Reading the details of the attacks, fatal and nonfatal, reinforces my opinion that a key to coexisting with large carnivores is hunting to continuously cull the boldest and most aggressive disproportionately. Shy large carnivore populations, whether bears, cats or wolves, are key to limiting human injuries and deaths, and to the longterm persistence of those populations.
Where large carnivore populations are not hunted, notably parks (and states with regard to wolves), management agencies should be much more aggressive in removing bold individuals from populations and should respond to credible reports of bold individuals displaying curious or aggressive behaviors in the same manner as attacks.
